Monday, January 5, 2009

Read two theoretical writings

本來這個月是用來閉關苦讀,可以種種事情令我不能集中,總覺得不在狀態

不過,在過去的三個星期也能夠把兩本對我的工作比較重要著作看過大半,我的目的很明確:在開始研究之前要先把其理論脈絡用清楚,不然無法知道所得的結果在學術上有何意義,更無法從根本地解答當前問題。


第一本是John O'Neill 的"Market, Deliberation and Environment" (Routledge, 2007)
雖然這本書的內容都十分有趣而且重要,但大都已經被其他人及作者自己在其他articles討論過,這本書似乎是作者自己的論文總結,沒什麼創新觀點。主要是圍繞經濟價值的謬誤,及deliberative democracy的優劣。當中有一點是值得深思,有些人 - 包括Clive和我 - 都主張用deliberative institution去articulate 環境價值,即是透過半公開、實驗形式的小組討論去為某一環境物品定價,然而O'Neill卻似乎反對一切定價行為,他所提出的論據不無道理,例如很多公共財產都有道德價值,根本不適宜被冠上幣值。但我在想是不是一定是all or nothing,到底問題是出在幣值本身,還是它背後理論假設及運作模式? 是否可以將後二者來點改變,然後重新定義環境價值(monetary)? 有沒有中間路線呢?



第二本是我supervisor,另一位John,John Dryzek的"Discursive Democract" (Cambridge, 1990)
此書為該領域的奠基著作之一,它提出了一套新的民主理論,此一理論即為上文提及的deliberative institution 的基礎。大意是公共決策該由collective, public communication而始,而非individualistic, aggregative voting,再簡單點說就是talk before vote,視public dialogue為最主要的決策原素,而非次於majority voting。另一個重要觀點是(inter)subjectivism取代objectivism,就是說在政策層面上,科學化、重結果的reasoning不應被用作處理公共資源的絕對準則,這兩者都或多或多了假設了某種特定的價值觀,例如經濟學裡的『效率』,取而代之的是communicative rationality,其主要主張為: the only authority is better arguments (not material gains)。這套理論最大優點是容納多元價值,但我仍是沒法從中找到適當的理論途徑去解讀從deliberative institution所產生的monetary value,即是以group的形式、經過商議及專家討論後所同意的willingness-to-pay是代表著什麼? (WTP in market is price, which is easy to understand)。另外deliberative institution又是否exclusive of strategic reasoning? 但別忘記有時候strategic reasoning也是多元價值的表達形式之一。

在我的研究領域內,提出、測試及解釋可容納多元價值的制度是一個新方向,但多元價值卻與傳統經濟系統合不來,要經濟利益老是屈於其他價值之下也不合民主原則,且是難於實行,用一套independent-of-all的approach i.e. communicative rationalization似乎比較合理,但如何可以做到? 如何解讀?

Neverheless, I can see there is one possible way to interpret. It stems from the theory of communicative action by Jurgen Habermas, the leading philosophy in 20th century (from which Dryzek and others developed the idea of deliberative democracy). Communicative rationality is that it is tied to subject-subject relation between interacting individuals, rather than subject-object relation between monologically acting individuals presumed by instrument rationality underpinning economics. So, value from deliberative institutions should be understood as a matter of intersubjectivity, not exclusively objectivity nor subjectivity. It is the interaction among people as a group that forms the value, not isolated individuals; not uncontested economic nor ethical interests, but the interplay between them.

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